南開中學 段勝利

　　高中英語覆蓋了全部的英語句式結(jié)構，這其中有簡單句、并列句、復合句等結(jié)構句式，也有倒裝句、強調(diào)句和省略句等特殊句式。在平時的閱讀和練習時，我們讀到、練到了許多相對比較容易辨別的“單式”結(jié)構，如：

　　The most important idea behind the kind of party planning described here is that it brings parents and children closer together.

　　這是一個名詞從句，其語句結(jié)構是：

　　The…idea… is that it brings parents

　　主語 系動詞

　　and children…together

　　名詞從句做表語

　　再如：

　　Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, , of course , made the others envy him.

　　A. who B. that C. what D. which

　　答案為D。which引導非限定定語從句，代指前面說的事情。

　　但我們還讀到和練到了將多種句式疊加在一起的很多句子，這些句子出現(xiàn)了較難辨別的“復式”結(jié)構，同學們會感到句子很復雜，有時候不知道句子在說什么。由于不能很快捕捉出句子結(jié)構信息，導致在閱讀理解和答題時不知所措，如：

　　Decision thinking is not unlike poker — it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.

　　不到30個詞的一個句子，涵蓋了前面的一個簡單句和后面的復合句(名詞從句做賓語)，而且是句子套從句，從句里又套從句。

　　又如：

　　The place ___ the bridge is supposed to be built should be____the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.

　　A. which; where

　　B. at which; which

　　C. at which; where

　　D. which; in which

　　答案為C。整個句子結(jié)構為：

　　The place (+定語從句)should be+名詞從句。

　　第一個空為at which引導定語從句，修飾the place，第二個空為where引導名詞從句做表語。

　　在閱讀和單項選擇中，快速辨別句子結(jié)構，分解出疊加進去的不同的句式，要首先具備最基礎的簡單句和句子成分的知識；在此基礎上，將復合句結(jié)構對應到句子中，其中定語從句是修飾語，相當于形容詞；名詞從句是句子成分，相當于某一個名詞做成分；狀語從句主要是要學會辨別從屬連詞。對于特殊句式，如倒裝句、強調(diào)句和省略句等，要熟悉其結(jié)構和判斷方法。如果做到上面的要求，那么，分解復雜句也就易如反掌了。

　　下面分析幾個典型的題目，從中可以掌握分解復雜句子的方法。

　　例1 Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, _____ it was so poorly equipped.

　　A. what; when B. that; which

　　C. what; which D. which; that

　　答案為A。第一個空為what連接的名詞從句做表語，“學校再也不是二十年前的樣子了”；第二個空為when引導非限定定語從句，指代“二十年前”。

　　例2 I just wonder ____ that makes him so excited.

　　A. why it does B. what he does

　　C. how it is D. what it is

　　答案為D。看到題干和題項中的“it is…that…”，可以在試選擇時，先考慮本句是否疊加了強調(diào)句結(jié)構。去掉“it is…that…”后，題目就變成了：

　　I just wonder ____ makes him so excited.

　　這樣就一目了然看到了應當選擇“what”，引導名詞從句做賓語。

　　例3 It was only on the way back home that _____ he was cheated by the girl.

　　A.he realized B.did he realize

　　C.he was realizing D.realized he

　　答案為A。題干中出現(xiàn)的“it is…that…”，說明有一個強調(diào)句；如果不是疊加在強調(diào)句中，以only on the way back home置于句首，應當使用倒裝結(jié)構，即：

　　Only on the way back home did he realize he was cheated by the girl.

　　但由于“did he realize he was cheated by the girl.”這部分在強調(diào)句that之后，屬于從句的位置，因此，不能使用疑問語序，故改為陳述結(jié)構，選擇A。

　　例4 ——Where did you get to know her?

　　——It was on the farm _________ we worked.

　　A.that B.there

　　C.which D.where

　　答案為D。本題極易誤選為A。本題中it不是強調(diào)結(jié)構沒有任何意義的“it”，而是代指地點的“it”，它有含義?！澳阍谀睦镎J識她的？”“是在(我們工作的)農(nóng)場?！眞here為關系副詞引導定語從句，修飾farm。

　　高考試題常常采用強調(diào)句和倒裝以及復合句的句式疊加來設空置項，考查同學們的句式結(jié)構能力，在平時的訓練中，要加強語句特別是復雜句式的辨別和分析，從而在考試時回答此類問題能夠得心應手。

　　下面的5個題目供同學們做簡單的訓練。

　　1.David said that it was because of his strong interest in literature _____ he chose the course.

　　A. that B. what

　　C. why D. how

　　2.It was not until she got home _______ Jennifer realized she had lost her keys.

　　A. when B. that

　　C. where D. before

　　3.It is not who is right but what is right ______ is of importance.

　　A. which B. it

　　C. that D. this

　　4.It is what you do rather than what you say ____ matters.

　　A. that B. what

　　C. which D. this

　　5._____ electricity plays such an important part in our daily life?

　　A.why is it B.why is it that

　　C.why does it D.why was it

　　參考答案

　　1.A 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.B

　　四、強調(diào)句和狀語從句的that要整體記憶結(jié)構

　　1.句子中的“it is (was)…that / who…”，如果可以整體從句子中剝離出去，而不影響句子的意思，則句子就使用了強調(diào)句結(jié)構。

　　例如：

　　It was after he got what he had desired

　　he realized it was not so important.

　　A. that B. when

　　C. since D. as

　　試選A，構成“It was…that…”的結(jié)構，并將其整體剝離，句子就成為：

　　“After he got what he had desired，he realized it was not so important.”句義完整，說明選擇強調(diào)結(jié)構的“that”是正確的。

　　2.由“that, so that, in order that”引導的目的狀語從句和“that, so that, so … that, such … that …”引導的結(jié)果狀語從句，可以結(jié)合語句加以選擇。

　　例如：

　　Pop music is such an important part of society ______ it has even influenced our language.

　　A. as B. that

　　C. which D. where

　　答案為B，that引導結(jié)果狀語從句。

　　復合句和特殊句式中涉及的連接性詞語很多，而that和what掌握起來相對比較難，同時因為它們也是考試的熱點，因此，希望同學們在平時的學習和練習中加以注意并不斷積累，力爭突破好這個難點。

　　下面再請同學們練習幾個題目。

　　1.In some countries, ______are called “public schools” are not owned by the state.

　　A. that B. which C. as D. what

　　2.David said that it was because of his strong interest in literature _____ he chose the course.

　　A. that B. what C. why D. how

　　3. Engines are to machines ____ hearts are to animals.

　　A. as B. that C. what D. which

　　4. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt ___ a cure for AIDS will be found.

　　A. which B. that C. what D. whether

　　5. I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize ___ silly mistakes I had made.

　　A. what B. that C. how D. which

　　參考答案

　　1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.A