南開(kāi)中學(xué) 段勝利

　　高中英語(yǔ)覆蓋了全部的英語(yǔ)句式結(jié)構(gòu)，這其中有簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句等結(jié)構(gòu)句式，也有倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句和省略句等特殊句式。在平時(shí)的閱讀和練習(xí)時(shí)，我們讀到、練到了許多相對(duì)比較容易辨別的“單式”結(jié)構(gòu)，如：

　　The most important idea behind the kind of party planning described here is that it brings parents and children closer together.

　　這是一個(gè)名詞從句，其語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)是：

　　The…idea… is that it brings parents

　　主語(yǔ) 系動(dòng)詞

　　and children…together

　　名詞從句做表語(yǔ)

　　再如：

　　Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, , of course , made the others envy him.

　　A. who B. that C. what D. which

　　答案為D。which引導(dǎo)非限定定語(yǔ)從句，代指前面說(shuō)的事情。

　　但我們還讀到和練到了將多種句式疊加在一起的很多句子，這些句子出現(xiàn)了較難辨別的“復(fù)式”結(jié)構(gòu)，同學(xué)們會(huì)感到句子很復(fù)雜，有時(shí)候不知道句子在說(shuō)什么。由于不能很快捕捉出句子結(jié)構(gòu)信息，導(dǎo)致在閱讀理解和答題時(shí)不知所措，如：

　　Decision thinking is not unlike poker — it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.

　　不到30個(gè)詞的一個(gè)句子，涵蓋了前面的一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句和后面的復(fù)合句(名詞從句做賓語(yǔ))，而且是句子套從句，從句里又套從句。

　　又如：

　　The place ___ the bridge is supposed to be built should be____the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.

　　A. which; where

　　B. at which; which

　　C. at which; where

　　D. which; in which

　　答案為C。整個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：

　　The place (+定語(yǔ)從句)should be+名詞從句。

　　第一個(gè)空為at which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾the place，第二個(gè)空為where引導(dǎo)名詞從句做表語(yǔ)。

　　在閱讀和單項(xiàng)選擇中，快速辨別句子結(jié)構(gòu)，分解出疊加進(jìn)去的不同的句式，要首先具備最基礎(chǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句和句子成分的知識(shí)；在此基礎(chǔ)上，將復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)應(yīng)到句子中，其中定語(yǔ)從句是修飾語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于形容詞；名詞從句是句子成分，相當(dāng)于某一個(gè)名詞做成分；狀語(yǔ)從句主要是要學(xué)會(huì)辨別從屬連詞。對(duì)于特殊句式，如倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句和省略句等，要熟悉其結(jié)構(gòu)和判斷方法。如果做到上面的要求，那么，分解復(fù)雜句也就易如反掌了。

　　下面分析幾個(gè)典型的題目，從中可以掌握分解復(fù)雜句子的方法。

　　例1 Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, _____ it was so poorly equipped.

　　A. what; when B. that; which

　　C. what; which D. which; that

　　答案為A。第一個(gè)空為what連接的名詞從句做表語(yǔ)，“學(xué)校再也不是二十年前的樣子了”；第二個(gè)空為when引導(dǎo)非限定定語(yǔ)從句，指代“二十年前”。

　　例2 I just wonder ____ that makes him so excited.

　　A. why it does B. what he does

　　C. how it is D. what it is

　　答案為D。看到題干和題項(xiàng)中的“it is…that…”，可以在試選擇時(shí)，先考慮本句是否疊加了強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)。去掉“it is…that…”后，題目就變成了：

　　I just wonder ____ makes him so excited.

　　這樣就一目了然看到了應(yīng)當(dāng)選擇“what”，引導(dǎo)名詞從句做賓語(yǔ)。

　　例3 It was only on the way back home that _____ he was cheated by the girl.

　　A.he realized B.did he realize

　　C.he was realizing D.realized he

　　答案為A。題干中出現(xiàn)的“it is…that…”，說(shuō)明有一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句；如果不是疊加在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中，以only on the way back home置于句首，應(yīng)當(dāng)使用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，即：

　　Only on the way back home did he realize he was cheated by the girl.

　　但由于“did he realize he was cheated by the girl.”這部分在強(qiáng)調(diào)句that之后，屬于從句的位置，因此，不能使用疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序，故改為陳述結(jié)構(gòu)，選擇A。

　　例4 ——Where did you get to know her?

　　——It was on the farm _________ we worked.

　　A.that B.there

　　C.which D.where

　　答案為D。本題極易誤選為A。本題中it不是強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有任何意義的“it”，而是代指地點(diǎn)的“it”，它有含義?！澳阍谀睦镎J(rèn)識(shí)她的？”“是在(我們工作的)農(nóng)場(chǎng)?！眞here為關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾farm。

　　高考試題常常采用強(qiáng)調(diào)句和倒裝以及復(fù)合句的句式疊加來(lái)設(shè)空置項(xiàng)，考查同學(xué)們的句式結(jié)構(gòu)能力，在平時(shí)的訓(xùn)練中，要加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)句特別是復(fù)雜句式的辨別和分析，從而在考試時(shí)回答此類問(wèn)題能夠得心應(yīng)手。

　　下面的5個(gè)題目供同學(xué)們做簡(jiǎn)單的訓(xùn)練。

　　1.David said that it was because of his strong interest in literature _____ he chose the course.

　　A. that B. what

　　C. why D. how

　　2.It was not until she got home _______ Jennifer realized she had lost her keys.

　　A. when B. that

　　C. where D. before

　　3.It is not who is right but what is right ______ is of importance.

　　A. which B. it

　　C. that D. this

　　4.It is what you do rather than what you say ____ matters.

　　A. that B. what

　　C. which D. this

　　5._____ electricity plays such an important part in our daily life?

　　A.why is it B.why is it that

　　C.why does it D.why was it

　　參考答案

　　1.A 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.B

　　四、強(qiáng)調(diào)句和狀語(yǔ)從句的that要整體記憶結(jié)構(gòu)

　　1.句子中的“it is (was)…that / who…”，如果可以整體從句子中剝離出去，而不影響句子的意思，則句子就使用了強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　例如：

　　It was after he got what he had desired

　　he realized it was not so important.

　　A. that B. when

　　C. since D. as

　　試選A，構(gòu)成“It was…that…”的結(jié)構(gòu)，并將其整體剝離，句子就成為：

　　“After he got what he had desired，he realized it was not so important.”句義完整，說(shuō)明選擇強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的“that”是正確的。

　　2.由“that, so that, in order that”引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句和“that, so that, so … that, such … that …”引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，可以結(jié)合語(yǔ)句加以選擇。

　　例如：

　　Pop music is such an important part of society ______ it has even influenced our language.

　　A. as B. that

　　C. which D. where

　　答案為B，that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。

　　復(fù)合句和特殊句式中涉及的連接性詞語(yǔ)很多，而that和what掌握起來(lái)相對(duì)比較難，同時(shí)因?yàn)樗鼈円彩强荚嚨臒狳c(diǎn)，因此，希望同學(xué)們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)和練習(xí)中加以注意并不斷積累，力爭(zhēng)突破好這個(gè)難點(diǎn)。

　　下面再請(qǐng)同學(xué)們練習(xí)幾個(gè)題目。

　　1.In some countries, ______are called “public schools” are not owned by the state.

　　A. that B. which C. as D. what

　　2.David said that it was because of his strong interest in literature _____ he chose the course.

　　A. that B. what C. why D. how

　　3. Engines are to machines ____ hearts are to animals.

　　A. as B. that C. what D. which

　　4. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt ___ a cure for AIDS will be found.

　　A. which B. that C. what D. whether

　　5. I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize ___ silly mistakes I had made.

　　A. what B. that C. how D. which

　　參考答案

　　1.D 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.A